Vol. 3 No. 4 (2024): October to December

The Peruvian Army Center for Strategic Studies (CEEEP) is pleased to present the tenth edition of the “Security and Land Power Journal”. This publication aims to provide a space for the dissemination of research that addresses fundamental issues in the field of security, defense and the military profession. In a global context where threats are increasingly complex and multifaceted, it is essential to have deep analyses and innovative perspectives that allow decision-makers to formulate effective strategies. This edition is based on four lines of research: Strategic Evaluation, Strategic Anticipation, Strategic Art and Terrestrial Power, and Strategic Leadership and Institutional Management. Through these, it seeks to enrich the debate on contemporary challenges, providing contributions from national and international experts who share their knowledge and experience.

The article Clausewitz’s War Triad: An Evolving Model for Conflict Analysis, written by Pedro Trujillo Álvarez, Lieutenant Colonel Diplomate of the General Staff of the Spanish Army, examines the evolution of Clausewitz’s model over three historical stages: from its publication to the world wars; from the formation of the United Nations (UN) to the end of the twentieth century; and since to the present day. Trujillo Álvarez argues that, in order to achieve effective deterrence and national defense capacity, it is essential to maintain a balance between the vertices of this triad – the people, the army and the government. In addition, it highlights how the democratization of societies has transformed the role of the citizen in the security context, emphasizing that this model not only helps to analyze past conflicts, but also establishes a framework to develop a solid defense culture. This approach is essential to face contemporary security challenges and ensure that armies act under a clear policy that is legitimized by the citizenry.

On the other hand, the article The Peruvian Space Sector in the Disruption of New Space: What are the Opportunities and Challenges for Peruvians in the New Space Age?, written by Martin Humberto Sánchez Gallardo, Commander of the Peruvian Air Force (FAP), explores how Peru can take advantage of the opportunities offered by New Space, characterized by a growing participation of the private sector and a reduction in launch costs. The achievements made by Peru, through the National Commission for Aerospace Research and Development (CONIDA), such as the launch of the PeruSAT-I satellite, are highlighted. However, the urgent need to establish a strategic roadmap that contemplates key areas such as space governance, technological development and industrialization of the space sector is emphasized, thus ensuring an efficient use of space.

In addition, the article Internal Order: Defining the Support of the Armed Forces to the National Police, written by Emilio Jesús Cam Albújar, Artillery Colonel of the Peruvian Army (EP), examines the crucial role played by the Armed Forces (FF. AA.) in the maintenance of internal order in Peru. This analysis details their collaboration with the Peruvian National Police (PNP) in critical situations. This cooperation, regulated by Legislative Decree 1095, allows the Armed Forces. AA. support the PNP when the latter is overwhelmed in its capacity in the face of serious threats to internal order. However, the author notes that such participation has generated controversy, due to specific incidents where the use of force was questioned. In addition, it highlights the urgent need for clear regulations governing the use of non-lethal military capabilities in support of police operations.

Additionally, the article Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Defense, written by Freddy Linares-Torres, director at Neurometric, analyzes how artificial intelligence (AI) has become an essential tool to protect cyberspace from a significant increase in cyberattacks on critical infrastructures. Linares-Torres highlights specific applications such as task automation and early detection of cyber threats. Through the analysis of cases such as the U.S. Army’s “Project Maven,” it illustrates how these technologies can improve defensive capabilities.

The following article entitled Evolution of Peru’s National Security and Defense in Interaction with the United States, written by Ernesto G. Morales Erroch, M.A. from the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), examines how relations with the United States (US) have influenced national security policies over time. Morales Erroch uses a historical approach to analyze key moments where there was proximity or distance between the two countries, highlighting how these geopolitical dynamics have affected Peruvian political decisions.

Finally, the work entitled Ideological Radicalization, Organized Crime and National Security: The Intervention of the Armed Forces, written by Miguel Ángel Gonzales Bojórquez, Major General of the Peruvian Army EP; Oscar Luis Calle Pérez, Major General of the Peruvian Army (EP); Rolando Enrique Campos Hashimoto, Colonel of the Peruvian Army (EP); and Manolo Eduardo Villagra, Lieutenant Colonel of the Peruvian Army (EP) examines how the convergence between ideological radicalization and Transnational Organized Crime (COT) seriously affects Peruvian national security. With a descriptive and analytical methodology, it is analyzed how this collaboration seriously compromises fundamental aspects related to governance; especially in areas where there is little state presence. The article concludes that although these threats should be handled primarily by the PNP; it is crucial to have strategic support from the Armed Forces. AA. when police capacities are insufficient.

Each of these contributions invites readers to reflect on the need for a strong defense culture and engages everyone in dialogue about policies that strengthen the country’s security. In addition, by fostering an informed exchange between academics, professionals, and citizens, this journal seeks to contribute to the development of effective strategies that respond to the current challenges of Peru and the world.