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  • Portada de la revista N10

    October to December
    Vol. 3 No. 4 (2024)

    The Peruvian Army Center for Strategic Studies (CEEEP) is pleased to present the tenth edition of the “Security and Land Power Journal”. This publication aims to provide a space for the dissemination of research that addresses fundamental issues in the field of security, defense and the military profession. In a global context where threats are increasingly complex and multifaceted, it is essential to have deep analyses and innovative perspectives that allow decision-makers to formulate effective strategies. This edition is based on four lines of research: Strategic Evaluation, Strategic Anticipation, Strategic Art and Terrestrial Power, and Strategic Leadership and Institutional Management. Through these, it seeks to enrich the debate on contemporary challenges, providing contributions from national and international experts who share their knowledge and experience.

    The article Clausewitz’s War Triad: An Evolving Model for Conflict Analysis, written by Pedro Trujillo Álvarez, Lieutenant Colonel Diplomate of the General Staff of the Spanish Army, examines the evolution of Clausewitz’s model over three historical stages: from its publication to the world wars; from the formation of the United Nations (UN) to the end of the twentieth century; and since to the present day. Trujillo Álvarez argues that, in order to achieve effective deterrence and national defense capacity, it is essential to maintain a balance between the vertices of this triad – the people, the army and the government. In addition, it highlights how the democratization of societies has transformed the role of the citizen in the security context, emphasizing that this model not only helps to analyze past conflicts, but also establishes a framework to develop a solid defense culture. This approach is essential to face contemporary security challenges and ensure that armies act under a clear policy that is legitimized by the citizenry.

    On the other hand, the article The Peruvian Space Sector in the Disruption of New Space: What are the Opportunities and Challenges for Peruvians in the New Space Age?, written by Martin Humberto Sánchez Gallardo, Commander of the Peruvian Air Force (FAP), explores how Peru can take advantage of the opportunities offered by New Space, characterized by a growing participation of the private sector and a reduction in launch costs. The achievements made by Peru, through the National Commission for Aerospace Research and Development (CONIDA), such as the launch of the PeruSAT-I satellite, are highlighted. However, the urgent need to establish a strategic roadmap that contemplates key areas such as space governance, technological development and industrialization of the space sector is emphasized, thus ensuring an efficient use of space.

    In addition, the article Internal Order: Defining the Support of the Armed Forces to the National Police, written by Emilio Jesús Cam Albújar, Artillery Colonel of the Peruvian Army (EP), examines the crucial role played by the Armed Forces (FF. AA.) in the maintenance of internal order in Peru. This analysis details their collaboration with the Peruvian National Police (PNP) in critical situations. This cooperation, regulated by Legislative Decree 1095, allows the Armed Forces. AA. support the PNP when the latter is overwhelmed in its capacity in the face of serious threats to internal order. However, the author notes that such participation has generated controversy, due to specific incidents where the use of force was questioned. In addition, it highlights the urgent need for clear regulations governing the use of non-lethal military capabilities in support of police operations.

    Additionally, the article Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Defense, written by Freddy Linares-Torres, director at Neurometric, analyzes how artificial intelligence (AI) has become an essential tool to protect cyberspace from a significant increase in cyberattacks on critical infrastructures. Linares-Torres highlights specific applications such as task automation and early detection of cyber threats. Through the analysis of cases such as the U.S. Army’s “Project Maven,” it illustrates how these technologies can improve defensive capabilities.

    The following article entitled Evolution of Peru’s National Security and Defense in Interaction with the United States, written by Ernesto G. Morales Erroch, M.A. from the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), examines how relations with the United States (US) have influenced national security policies over time. Morales Erroch uses a historical approach to analyze key moments where there was proximity or distance between the two countries, highlighting how these geopolitical dynamics have affected Peruvian political decisions.

    Finally, the work entitled Ideological Radicalization, Organized Crime and National Security: The Intervention of the Armed Forces, written by Miguel Ángel Gonzales Bojórquez, Major General of the Peruvian Army EP; Oscar Luis Calle Pérez, Major General of the Peruvian Army (EP); Rolando Enrique Campos Hashimoto, Colonel of the Peruvian Army (EP); and Manolo Eduardo Villagra, Lieutenant Colonel of the Peruvian Army (EP) examines how the convergence between ideological radicalization and Transnational Organized Crime (COT) seriously affects Peruvian national security. With a descriptive and analytical methodology, it is analyzed how this collaboration seriously compromises fundamental aspects related to governance; especially in areas where there is little state presence. The article concludes that although these threats should be handled primarily by the PNP; it is crucial to have strategic support from the Armed Forces. AA. when police capacities are insufficient.

    Each of these contributions invites readers to reflect on the need for a strong defense culture and engages everyone in dialogue about policies that strengthen the country’s security. In addition, by fostering an informed exchange between academics, professionals, and citizens, this journal seeks to contribute to the development of effective strategies that respond to the current challenges of Peru and the world.

  • Portada de la revista

    July to September
    Vol. 2 No. 3 (2023)

    The Peruvian Army Center for Strategic Studies (CEEEP) is pleased to present the fifth edition of the “Security and Land Power Magazine", a space dedicated to analysis, reflection, debate, and proposals on issues related to Security, Defense, and the Military Profession. CEEEP focuses on four key interdisciplinary areas: Strategic Assessment, Strategic Anticipation, Strategic Art and Land Power, and Strategic Leadership and Institutional Management. On this occasion, special emphasis is placed on "Strategic Anticipation" and "Strategic Leadership and Institutional Management". To guarantee the originality and quality of the contents, all publications are subjected to a rigorous evaluation by external peers, under the double-blind review system. In this edition, we have compiled six outstanding articles from renowned national and international collaborators, as well as CEEEP researcher. The main objective is to promote knowledge and enrich the debate in this important area of study.

    The first part of the publication highlights the importance of Strategic Anticipation in the context of technological and geoeconomic development. The Lieutenant Colonel of the Peruvian Army, Franklin Edison Huayán Monzón, in his article "Technological Development in the Peruvian Army: A Strategic Perspective for Institutional Transformation" emphasizes the need to close the logistical gaps that affect the performance of its operational force, organs and means of support in the fulfillment of its strategic roles, as well as its impact on the country's population. The author also mentions the ability of the EP to develop its own technology, although it is necessary to improve the infrastructure to optimize this process. In addition, the possibility is raised for the EP to support national development with its newly acquired capacities and promote the use of renewable energies. Regarding Artificial Intelligence (AI), Colonel EP Vitorio Enmanuele Bossio Ballesteros, in his work "Artificial Intelligence in the Military Field: A Relevant and Useful Tool" analyzes how its implementation in military operations can improve effectiveness and efficiency, reduce casualties, and minimize collateral damage. It underlines the need to establish clear policies, train staff and collaborate with academic institutions to fully exploit the potential of AI in decision-making. On the other hand, Farid Kahhat Kahatt, PhD in Government from the University of Texas, in his research "Strategic Sectors Conceptual Imprecision and Debates on the Role of the State in the Economy" highlights the importance of understanding the term "strategic", both in the economy and in national security, despite its imprecision in political debates. The debates around state intervention in private companies and control of key sectors are mentioned, and the need for an open economy respectful of international agreements to regulate trade is raised.

    The second part addresses the topic of Strategic Leadership and Institutional Management. Brigadier General Oscar Luis Calle Pérez, in his article "Mysticism and Military Leadership as Part of the Process of Institutional Transformation", highlights the relevance of discipline, honor and morality as fundamental pillars in the Armed Forces (FF. AA.), both in times of war and in daily life. In the realm of military leadership, ethics and morals are highlighted as key components, and the concept of justice and respect is promoted during training. This aspect involves making critical decisions under pressure, and leaders are expected to be tenacious, flexible, and project confidence to inspire subordinates to meet challenges. On the other hand, Clemente Rodríguez Urbina, master’s in political science and government, examines in his article "The Strategy of the 7th Infantry Brigade in Lambayeque in the face of the COVID-19 crisis: Strengthening the Response of the Peruvian State (2020-2022)" the synergy between entities and the creation of an integrated health system demonstrated by the COVID-19 Command. This centralization made it possible to overcome competition and collaborate directly with municipal levels, tracing the chain of infections and controlling the viral outbreak through the Sipan Plan. The author emphasizes that collaboration with the private sector helped to supply the almost zero resources of the health sector, as well as was crucial to maximize the available resources, such as the installation of a field hospital and assistance in the cremation and burial of corpses. Similarly, Colombian National Army Colonel Cesar Augusto Vargas Guarín, in his work entitled "Importance of logistics operations during the pandemic in the Colombian National Army", highlights that the logistics operations of the Colombian National Army (EJC) are essential for the country's strategic objectives, protecting national interests and contributing in a positive and sustainable way. It states that the logistics operations model guarantees effectiveness in military missions and the preservation of national sovereignty. In addition, it asserts that the EJC stands out in supporting the civilian population and in the preservation of the environment, using industrial transformation and new technologies to address global challenges such as consumerism and irresponsible use of resources, through an inclusive strategy based on education and action.

    Finally, CEEEP hopes that these articles will be of interest and pleasure to readers, encouraging analysis, discussion, and the generation of ideas in aspects related to Security, Defense, and the Military Profession.

     

     

     

     

     

  • May to August
    Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025)

    The Peruvian Army Center for Strategic Studies (CEEEP) presents the twelfth issue of the journal Security y Land Power, whose purpose is to publish original research articles related to security, defense and the military profession. These contributions are based on four lines of research: Strategic Assessment, Strategic Anticipation, Strategic Art and Land Power, and Strategic Leadership and Institutional Management.

    In this context, national and international specialists offer perspectives ranging from the historical study of war models to the application of emerging technologies in the defensive field. The institutional diversity and interdisciplinary approaches of the authors enrich the debate on defense and land power. Each paper has undergone rigorous evaluation processes in accordance with CEEEP standards, reflecting a strong commitment to academic excellence and strategic relevance.

    This issue brings together six outstanding articles, each related to a line of research that underpins their contributions. The analysis of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict is addressed in the first article, “The Role of Global Powers in the Palestinian-Israeli Armed Conflict,” written by Dr. Jury Carla Medina Uribe, doctoral candidate Hubert Luque Huamani Chirinos, and law student Jeremy Montalbán Medina. This work, framed within the line of Strategic Evaluation, shows how the geostrategic and economic interests of the United States (US), Russia, and China have contributed to prolonging this conflict, generating tensions between diplomatic discourse and concrete actions on the ground.

    In terms of internal security, the second article, “Mining, National Security, and Governance: Strategic Threats and Risks in the Southern Peruvian Mining Corridor,” written by Major General Miguel Ángel Gonzales Bojórquez, Lieutenant Colonel Manolo Eduardo Villagra, and specialist Diana Selene Rosell Claudet, falls under the category of Strategic Assessment. This work addresses the threats arising from illegal mining, linked to criminal economies and regulatory gaps, proposing a National Mining Security Strategy that articulates security, legality, and sustainable development.

    The third article, "Informality, Corruption, and Impunity as Structural Threats to Peru's National Security," written by Lieutenant Colonel Manolo Eduardo Villagra, Major General Oscar Luis Calle Pérez, and specialist Diana Selene Rosell Claudet, also part of the Strategic Assessment section, analyzes how these deep-rooted problems affect democratic institutions and national security, highlighting the fundamental role that the Armed Forces play in shaping values and social cohesion, especially in a context of institutional weakening and social fragmentation. AA. play in the formation of values and social cohesion, especially in a context of institutional weakening and social fragmentation.

    The fourth article, written by Lieutenant Colonel Manolo Eduardo Villagra—PhD in Development and Strategic Security—entitled “21st Century Geopolitics and Peru in the New World Order,” falls within the realm of Strategic Anticipation. This text proposes a national strategy that integrates security, defense, development, and strategic leadership, with the aim of repositioning Peru as a key geostrategic hub in South America in the face of complex transnational threats and current global dynamics.

    Regarding the conflict in Ukraine, the fifth article, “Three Years of War in Ukraine and the Changing Character of Warfare,” authored by Colonel Matthew Holbrook, a US reserve officer with a master's degree in strategic studies, falls within the realm of Strategic Art and Land Power. This analysis highlights the technological innovations introduced in the conflict, such as unmanned aerial systems and the decentralization of tactical leadership, examining their impact on military doctrine, leadership training, and preparation for large-scale combat scenarios.

    Finally, the sixth article, “Analysis of the Armed Forces’ Participation in Peru's Sustainable Development,” written by Peruvian Army Lieutenant Colonel Roberto Carlos Alonso Tapia, a specialist in strategic planning and public management, falls under the heading of Strategic Leadership and Institutional Management. It examines the multisectoral role played by the Armed Forces in the country's governance, resilience, and territorial cohesion, proposing mechanisms to align their actions with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in vulnerable areas.

    With this selection, the magazine reaffirms its commitment to generating rigorous, high-quality strategic knowledge, contributing decisively to strengthening national security and defense. By consolidating a space for critical analysis, the publication positions itself as an essential reference for the military profession and public policy formulation, in a global scenario that demands innovative and adaptive responses.

  • January to March
    Vol. 3 No. 1 (2024)

    El Centro de Estudios Estratégicos del Perú (CEEEP) se complace en presentar la séptima edición de la “Revista Seguridad y Poder Terrestre”. En este espacio, se lleva a cabo el análisis, la reflexión, el debate y la presentación de propuestas relacionadas con la Seguridad, la Defensa y la Profesión Militar. Las investigaciones del CEEEP se centran en cuatro líneas de investigación: Evaluación Estratégica; Anticipación Estratégica; Arte Estratégico y Poder Terrestre; y, Liderazgo Estratégico y Gestión Institucional. En este volumen, destacados expertos nacionales e internacionales abordan, con rigor académico y visión estratégica, temas relevantes para el panorama actual, desde la evaluación de políticas de defensa hasta el análisis de conflictos internacionales. Cada trabajo ofrece una perspectiva única y valiosa para enriquecer el debate en torno a los desafíos que enfrenta el Perú en el ámbito de la seguridad y el poder terrestre.

    En la primera sección, se aborda la línea de investigación Evaluación Estratégica mediante el primer artículo titulado “Preparación de la Política Nacional Multisectorial de Seguridad y Defensa Nacional al 2030 del Perú ante Amenazas de Transformación Digital y Guerras Híbridas”, redactado por Camilo Amado Asenjo. Este experto introduce al lector en un análisis crítico de la política de defensa y seguridad nacional más reciente, examinando la preparación del país frente a amenazas híbridas y transformaciones digitales. El estudio, basado en el Decreto Supremo N° 005-2021-DE, proporciona una perspectiva esclarecedora sobre la postura del Perú ante la revolución digital. En segundo lugar, el escrito “Destrucción de la Seguridad Hídrica y Minería en el Sur del Perú: ¿Un Atentado a las Generaciones Futuras?”, elaborado por Dani Eduardo Vargas Huanca, Elizabeth Avendaño Condori, Cesar Gustavo Aquino Santos y Elvis Álvarez Torres, explora la preocupación por la seguridad hídrica y la destrucción sistemática en el sur del país. Este trata las consecuencias de las sequías en los Andes y destaca la necesidad urgente de políticas que preserven los recursos vitales. De manera similar, en la edición del tercer artículo, el Señor Gral. Div. Oscar Luis Calle Pérez, denominado “Trazando Estrategias: Desafíos y Reflexiones sobre el Narcotráfico y el Terrorismo en el VRAEM 2023”, se adentra en la compleja realidad del Valle de los ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro. Analiza las estrategias implementadas para contrarrestar la interacción entre el narcotráfico y el terrorismo, resaltando la importancia del enfoque integral para enfrentar estos desafíos. En cuanto al cuarto artículo, el analista Clemente Rodríguez Urbina, con su trabajo titulado “Presencia y Aceptación de los Movimientos Regionales en el Sur del País y su Potencial Secesionista”, arroja luz sobre la relación entre los movimientos regionales en el sur del Perú y posibles aspiraciones secesionistas. Este estudio cuidadoso, basado en las elecciones de octubre de 2022 y las protestas posteriores, proporciona una comprensión detallada de la dinámica regional y sus implicaciones.

    La segunda sección, relacionada con la línea de investigación de la Anticipación Estratégica, se enfoca en el quinto artículo de Michel Villon, titulado “Seguridad Nacional, Relaciones Internacionales y Bienestar Social en la Era Digital”. En este documento, se invita a reflexionar sobre la revolución digital y su impacto en la seguridad nacional. Desde la ciberseguridad hasta la colaboración internacional, este trabajo explora los desafíos y oportunidades que la era digital presenta para el desarrollo económico, la optimización de servicios públicos y el bienestar social en el Perú.

    La tercera sección, vinculada con la línea de investigación sobre el Arte Estratégico y Poder Terrestre, explora, en el sexto artículo de Farid Kahhat, la contraofensiva ucraniana de junio de 2023 titulada “Evolución del Conflicto Militar: Contraofensiva en Ucrania”. Este escrito profundiza en los desafíos y certezas que marcaron este hito crucial, explorando la interacción entre estrategia militar, tecnología avanzada y el panorama geopolítico en un conflicto que ha capturado la atención mundial.

    Finalmente, el CEEEP confía en que estos valiosos artículos sean de gran interés y utilidad para sus estimados lectores, quienes ofrecen una perspectiva integral y multidisciplinaria en el ámbito de la seguridad y el poder terrestre. Se espera que esta séptima edición de la revista sea un recurso valioso para académicos, profesionales y líderes comprometidos con la investigación y la construcción de un futuro más seguro y próspero para la nación. Asimismo, se espera que estimulen el examen, fomenten la discusión y generen nuevas ideas en los campos principales de la seguridad, defensa y la profesión militar.

  • Portada de la revista

    October to December
    Vol. 1 No. 2 (2022)

    The Peruvian Army Center for Strategic Studies (CEEEP) presents the second edition of its "Revista Seguridad y Poder Terrestre," (Security and Land Power Journal) which aims to address the analysis, discussion and generation of ideas in aspects related to Security, Defense and the Military Profession. This quarterly journal publishes research articles that have the character of unpublished and original, and that focus on the four areas of study of the CEEEP: (1) Strategic Evaluation, (2) Strategic Anticipation, (3) Strategic Art and Land Power, and (4) Strategic Leadership and Institutional Management. This edition compiles six articles by renowned national and international collaborators and evaluated by external peers under the double-blind system to ensure quality. Additionally and from this edition on, the articles will be published in both Spanish and English, in this way we will seek to expand our readership and invite those interested inside and outside the country to read our analysis. This effort will be rewarded as long as a true reflection is generated on the topics we deal with in each edition.

    In the first part of this publication, referring to Strategic Evaluation, the master María Ana Leal, in the article entitled "The Strategic Game of Argentina Against the Interests of China and the United States," points out that the interests of the great economic and military powers determine – and even condition – many of the dynamics and decisions of medium-sized countries such as Argentina, and will continue to do so within the framework of a certain margin of autonomy that these States can acquire through intelligent actions. According to the author, it is possible to redefine a foreign and national defense policy based on the prevalence of a strategic culture that does not necessarily share the guidelines and preferences of the country that concentrates the greatest world power, with all that this implies. Additionally, the Colonel of the National Army of Colombia, Juan Carlos Aristizabal González, in the article entitled "Transnational Organized Crime in the Triple Border between Brazil, Colombia and Peru," states that the triple border, due to its characteristics and vulnerabilities, has become an area where organizations involved in transnational organized crime (TOC) converge. The author also analyses the interaction of organized armed groups and organized crime groups with the TOC, which is reinforced through illicit economies on the borders of these three countries. Likewise, the Lieutenant Colonel of the Peruvian Army Manolo Eduardo Villagra, in the article entitled "Residual Organized Armed Groups and Transboundary Threats in Alto Putumayo," indicates that during the last decade, coca leaf crops have increased significantly in Colombia, with the Residual Organized Armed Groups (GAOR) being the main actors involved in the illicit drug trade in Colombia, the border area between Peru and Colombia. In this regard, this article analyzes the impact of GAOR on national security and development.

    In the second part of this publication, referring to Strategic Anticipation, Dr. Robert Evan Ellis, in the article entitled "A Preliminary Look from Washington to the New Course of Colombia and the Security Challenges", analyzes the probable direction that the government of Gustavo Petro will take in Colombia in the field of economic, security and external policy, as well as the associated challenges. He argues that the administration will likely have the will, staff and legislative support to implement, at least partially, its radical change agenda.

    In the third part of this publication, referring to Strategic Art and Land Power, the expert in Cybersecurity Policies and Strategy, Adolfo Arreola García, in the article entitled "Lethal Autonomous Weapons: Means of Defense and Attack," states that war is a constant in the history of human evolution, being considered as the last resort to end a dispute between two States. However, in accordance with the current international legal framework, the warring parties must restrict the use of force, avoid the disproportionate use of military action, and minimize collateral damage.

    In the fourth part of this publication, referring to Strategic Leadership and Institutional Management, the Brigadier (R) of the Chilean Army, Jaime Guillermo García Covarrubias, in the article entitled "Reflection on the future of Military Transformation," analyzes the essence of military transformation, as well as proposes a methodology for its better understanding and application to an armed organization. It is suggested that military transformation be a permanent process of adaptation, not only in the face of new forms of conflict but also in the face of changes that occur in the sphere of society. Therefore, the understanding of the triads of the areas involved in the analysis methodology acquires significant importance.

    Finally, the CEEEP hopes that these articles will be of interest and pleasure to readers, and encourage the analysis, discussion and generation of ideas in aspects related to Security, Defense and the Military Profession.

  • July to September
    Vol. 3 No. 3 (2024)

    The Peruvian Army Center for Strategic Studies (CEEEP) presents the ninth edition of the “Security and Land Power Journal”, whose objective is to publish  original research articles related to security, defense and the military profession, based on four lines of research: Strategic Assessment, Strategic Anticipation, Strategic Art and Land Power, and Strategic Leadership and Institutional Management, focusing mainly on the first two. In this regard, national and international experts provide perspectives on topics ranging from India’s economic and military transformation with ‘Make in India’ to strategic challenges in Spain vis-à-vis Morocco and the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in military operations. Also highlighted are the challenges of Military Intelligence in the Apurimac, Ene and Mantaro River Valley (VRAEM) and regional cooperation against organized crime in the Amazon.

    In the line Strategic Assessment, Colonel PA, Defense Attaché to the Embassy of Peru in the Republic of India, Mario Renzo Cáceres Solís, presents his analysis entitled “The ‘Make in India’ Experience to Boost Development and Self-Sufficiency”. This study details how the initiative launched by Prime Minister Narendra Damodardas Modi in 2014 has positioned India as a global manufacturing hub, strengthening its national security and consolidating its regional leadership, through innovative strategies in the defense industry. Additionally, global security advisor Andrés González Hernández’s essay, “Spain: Deterring Military Loss to Morocco,” explores the challenges Spain faces in modernizing its military equipment in the face of Morocco’s strategic advance in Ceuta and Melilla, highlighting the political and strategic implications for the region. On the other hand, Dr. Adolfo Arreola García, research professor at the Faculty of Global Studies of the Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, in “Artificial Intelligence and Disinformation: Role in 21st Century Conflicts”, evaluates the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in modern military operations, highlighting both its benefits for security and its ethical and humanitarian risks. Likewise, Gonzalo Javier Rubio Piñeiro, retired Major of the Argentine Army, in “Las Consecuencias que se Derivan de la Consolidación del Eje Beijing-Moscú-Teherán” analyzes the possible formation of a geopolitical alliance between China, Russia and Iran, examining whether it constitutes a coalition or formal alliance. It highlights the growing cooperation in economic, political and military fields, and explores the geopolitical implications, such as strengthening multipolarity, challenging Western dominance, changing the balance of power in Asia, creating an alternative economic bloc, increasing military cooperation and influence in international bodies.

    In the line Strategic Anticipation, Luis Gustavo Castro González and Julio Mario Zuñiga Concha investigate the “Challenges of Military Intelligence in the Fight Against Terrorism in the VRAEM”, emphasizing the evolution and the continuous challenges in the combat strategy against the Terrorist Organization called Militarized Communist Party of Peru Marxist Leninist Maoist Communist Party, mainly Xiist (MPCP - MLM - PX) in the VRAEM. Finally, Fábio Albergaria de Queiroz, PhD in International Relations from the University of Brasilia (UnB), on “The Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization as a Tool to Combat Transnational Organized Crime from an Environmental Perspective” proposes strengthening the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO) to face the multidimensional challenges of organized crime and environmental protection in the Andean-Amazonian arc.

    These papers represent significant contributions to understanding and addressing the complex strategic and security challenges facing our region and the world today.

  • April to June
    Vol. 2 No. 2 (2023)

    The Peruvian Army Center for Strategic Studies (CEEEP) presents the fourth edition of its “Security and Land Power Journal”, which aims to address the analysis, discussion and generation of ideas on issues related to Security, Defense and the Military Profession. This quarterly journal publishes original and unpublished research articles focused on CEEEP four areas of study: (1) Strategic Assessment, (2) Strategic Anticipation, (3) Strategic Art and Land Power, and (4) Strategic Leadership and Institutional Management. To ensure quality, the articles are evaluated by external peers, under the double-blind system. In this sense, the present edition compiles six contributions from renowned national and international authors, as well as from CEEEP researchers.

    In the first part of this publication, referring to Strategic Evaluation, Magister María Ana Leal, in the article entitled “Antarctica: Geopolitical and Economic Importance”, analyzes that many governments demand the recognition of the occupation of certain territorial spaces, within the framework of international law and agreements. In this sense, the author points out that the Antarctic region is important for geopolitical and economic reasons and its geographical location allows air communications through intercontinental transpolar routes. Additionally, Lieutenant Colonel of the Peruvian Army Oscar Ray Flores Silva, in the article entitled “The Value of Intelligence and the Development of Military Power in the Peruvian State to Face New Threats”, analyzes the need to find an adequate articulation of intelligence as a fundamental instrument to develop military power generated a greater impact on the armies of several countries. According to the author, the regional analysis allows for a timelier vision on how to orient and prepare the use of this capability at the strategic, operational and tactical levels. 

    In the second part of this publication, referring to Strategic Anticipation, the Peruvian Army Colonel Vitorio Enmanuele Bossio Ballesteros, in the article entitled “Use of Military Power: Flexibility and Scope of Non-Kinetic Capabilities”, analyzes the complexity of the threats against the security and defense of the states deserves the use of military power in a resolute, gradual, flexible and wide-ranging manner that allows controlling the escalation of the conflict, while maintaining its high coercive potential. According to the author, non-kinetic capabilities, beyond contributing to the development of conventional military operations, provide a wide range of options for the application of military power below the threshold of armed conflict, since they offer flexibility and greater scope to the design and execution of a military response. Likewise, Peruvian Army Lieutenant Colonel Manolo Eduardo Villagra, in the article entitled “Mega port of Chancay: Repercussions on South American Trade and Geostrategic Impact”, examines the repercussions on South American trade and geostrategic impact of the Chancay multipurpose port terminal. The author argues that China is in constant progress in order to become the world’s leading country. Additionally, Peruvian Army Lieutenant Enrique Saúl Rivero Belveder, in the article entitled “Cyberdefense: The Challenges of the Virtual World”, analyzes the importance and evolution of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT’s) in cyberspace operations and the increased dangers posed by cybercriminals. According to the author, the platforms or systems of the country’s institutions could be breached causing a national state of emergency.

    In the third part of this publication, referring to Strategic Art and land power, Master Jean Carlo Gonzalo Cuba Yaranga, in the article entitled “The New Configuration of World Power China and India: Conflicts and Coalitions”, analyzes the encounters and disagreements that these powers constantly manage, as well as the intervention of various actors and the role of politics in each of their actions, in a world scenario where war operations prevail. According to the author, the reconfiguration of the power map in the world is beginning to be in the Asian continent.

    Finally, the CEEEP hopes that these articles will be of interest and pleasure to the readers, and will encourage the analysis, discussion, and generation of ideas in aspects related to Security, Defense and the Military Profession.

  • Portada de la revista N11

    January to April
    Vol. 4 No. 1 (2025)

    The Peruvian Army Center for Strategic Studies (CEEEP) presents the 11th edition of the Journal Seguridad y Poder Terrestre, which aims to disseminate original and unpublished research on security, defense and institutional management. This publication is structured in four lines of research: Strategic Assessment; Strategic Anticipation; Strategic Art and Land Power; and Strategic Leadership and Institutional Management, which guide the analysis and projection of contemporary scenarios. In this issue, each article was selected for its methodological rigor, its contribution to the academic debate and, in those relevant cases, for the support of the military experience of its authors, which reinforces the authority and credibility of the studies presented.

    To begin with, the article “La Rinconada: Zone of Threats and Challenges to National Security” - prepared by Lieutenant Colonel of the Peruvian Army (EP), Manolo Eduardo Villagra; Major General Oscar Luis Calle Perez; Dr. Juan Carlos Liendo O’Connor; and Dr. Diana Selene Rosell Claudet - is part of the Strategic Evaluation line. This study, based on a qualitative analysis and field work, examines the challenges derived from informal mining and organized crime, highlighting the need to anticipate and mitigate risks that affect the stability of public order.

    Next, the article “The Armed forces in the control of internal order and in support of the Peruvian National Police for its reestablishment”, written by Mr. Ddedwin Galindo Gonzales, is related to the line of Strategic Leadership and Institutional Management. The study analyzes the collaboration between the Armed Forces (FF. AA.) and the National Police of Peru (PNP), framed in the Legislative Decree Nº 1095, identifying regulatory gaps and proposing inter-institutional coordination mechanisms that optimize the response to crisis situations and strengthen internal order.

    Next, the article “Geopolitical Perspectives in Syria After the Fall of Bashar al-Assad”, presented by Dr. Mariano López de Miguel, is framed in the line of Strategic Anticipation. This analysis addresses the reconfiguration of power in Syria after the collapse of Bashar al-Assad’s regime, assessing the implications of the intervention of national and international actors and offering a critical view on territorial fragmentation and new emerging geopolitical scenarios.

    Subsequently, the article “Generative Artificial Intelligence: A Prospective Analysis of its Implications for Security and Defense”, written by Dr. Boris Saavedra, is associated with the Strategic Anticipation line. The author evaluates, from a prospective perspective, the technological advances and risks inherent to the implementation of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI), emphasizing the need to balance innovation with adequate oversight to ensure strategic stability.

    Similarly, the article “Towards the Conquest of Space: Challenges and Perspectives of Argentine Aerospace Police”, presented by Dr. María Ana Leal, is situated in the lines of Strategic Assessment and Strategic Art and Land Power. The author examines the evolution of Argentine aerospace policy, highlighting the relevance of technological autonomy and international cooperation in a context of global competition, and underlines the strategic role of space as an instrument of defense and power projection.

    Finally, the article “Exo-criminality of risk: An Emerging Challenge to the Security of states and democratic stability”, by Dr. Pablo Zeballos and Dr. Douglas Farah, is oriented towards the line of Strategic Anticipation. The authors introduce the concept of Exo-Crime Risk (ECR) and analyze how external factors, such as migratory dynamics and social crises, facilitate the integration of new criminal structures, representing a threat to democratic stability and requiring coordinated strategies at the national and international levels.

    The 11th edition reaffirms CEEEP’s commitment to the generation of rigorous knowledge and the strengthening of institutional security, inviting academics, researchers and professionals to reflect on current strategic challenges and to rethink intervention policies in an environment of growing complexity and change. The journal is thus established as a space for critical and constructive exchange that promotes interdisciplinary dialogue and inter-institutional collaboration in pursuit of development and national security.

  • October to December
    Vol. 2 No. 4 (2023)

    The Peruvian Army Center for Strategic Studies (CEEEP) is pleased to present the sixth edition of the “Security and Land Power Magazine”. In this space, the analysis, reflection, debate and presentation of proposals related to Security, Defense and the Military Profession are carried out. CEEEP’s research is oriented along four main lines: Strategic Assessment; Strategic Anticipation; Strategic Art and Land Power; and Strategic Leadership and Institutional Management. On this occasion, six articles have been compiled from outstanding contributors, both national and international, as well as researchers from our Peruvian Army. The main objective of this compilation is to enrich the debate and promote the dissemination of knowledge in vital areas of study. The topics addressed in these articles are varied and include aspects such as Iran’s relations with some Latin American countries, the nature of threats in the Pan-Amazon region, comparative models of British and French counterinsurgency, the concept of command and control in the Armed Forces of Peru (FF. AA.), the importance of organizational culture in institutional transformation and the challenges faced by the National Army of Colombia in matters of security and defense.

    In the first part of this publication, referred to the Strategic Assessment, the first article entitled “Resumption of Iran’s Relations with America with some Latin American countries”, the work of the prominent American academic and public policy analyst specialized in Latin America and the Caribbean, Dr. Robert Evan Ellis, examines in detail the resumption of relations between Iran and most Latin American countries, highlighting the opportunities that this phenomenon provides in terms of political and economic interaction. He also highlights China’s role in Iran’s economic strengthening and its influence on Iran’s global activities, with possible repercussions in the United States (US). In turn, in the second article entitled “The Nature of Threats in the Pan-Amazon Region”, Brazilian Army Colonel Oscar Medeiros Filho delves into the strategic importance that the Amazon Region has acquired for Brazil in terms of National Defense. He addresses the multiple dimensions of threats to national security in this region, ranging from geopolitical issues to state vulnerabilities and socio-environmental challenges. In addition, it advocates regional cooperation, through the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO), as the optimal strategy to address these challenges.

    In a second part related to Strategic Art and Land Power of this publication, we have the third article, written by Luis Alexander Montero Moncada, political scientist with emphasis in International Relations of the National University of Colombia, entitled “Comparative Models of Counterinsurgency: British and French Traditions, and their Applicability in Contemporary Conflicts”. It makes a comparative analysis between the British counterinsurgency model and the French model, whose objective is to identify the key differences and relevant aspects of both models to apply them in contemporary conflicts, which are characterized by their complexity and ambiguity.

    In the third part related to Strategic Leadership, the fourth article, entitled “Command and Control in the Peruvian Army: Methods, Analysis and the Innovative Awqa Humalliq Method”, is a proposal by Peruvian Army Colonel Percy Favio Gonzales Cáceres, who delves into the concept of Command and Control in the Armed Forces, exploring methods such as Mission Type Command and Detailed Control. He also presents the novel command and control method he calls “Awqa Humalliq”, designed to adapt to the particularities of the Armed Forces. The fifth article, “Organizational Culture: Essential Element in the Transformation Process of the Peruvian Army”, written by Lieutenant Colonel of the Peruvian Army, Roberto Carlos Alonso Tapia, highlights the crucial role of organizational culture in institutional transformation; analyzing the importance of organizational culture in the context of the Plan for Institutional Transformation of the Peruvian Army to 2034 and employs a qualitative approach with the hermeneutic-interpretative method to explore levels and types of organizational culture. In turn, the sixth article, “Future Tasks and Challenges for the National Army: a holistic view of Security and Defense”, written by Colombian Army Colonel Carlos Alfredo Castro Pinzón and Luz Martha Melo Rodríguez, a specialist in Human Rights and International Law of Armed Conflict, focuses on the new challenges faced by the Colombian National Army. This analysis highlights the relevance of understanding the functional organization of the Army, the structural base, technology and research, as well as the importance of the conduct of warfare in the fulfillment of missions and objectives of the Force.

    Finally, CEEEP hopes that these valuable articles will be of great interest and usefulness to its esteemed readers. It is hoped that these articles will stimulate analysis, encourage discussion and generate new ideas in the essential fields of Security, Defense and the Military Profession.

  • July to September
    Vol. 1 No. 1 (2022)

    The Peruvian Army Center for Strategic Studies (CEEEP) presents the first edition of its "Security and Land Power Journal," which aims to address the analysis, discussion, and generation of ideas in aspects related to Security, Defense, and the Military Profession. This journal - quarterly edition - publishes research articles that have character unpublished and original, and that focus on the four areas of study of CEEEP: (1) Strategic Evaluation, (2) Strategic Anticipation, (3) Strategic Art and Land Power, and (4) Strategic Leadership and Institutional Management. To ensure quality, the articles are evaluated by external peers, under a double-blind system. In this sense, this edition compiles six articles by renowned national and international collaborators.

    In the first part of this publication, referring to Strategic Evaluation, Dr. Robert Evan Ellis analyzes in the article entitled "The Digital Advance of China in Latin America" ​​the activities of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and its companies in digital technologies and the secs associated economic drivers in Latin America, including telecommunications, surveillance, e-commerce, fintech, data centers, and smart cities. It also points out that Chinese companies have made significant progress in these sectors, creating opportunities to take advantage of their position, advance in other areas, as well as collect information on both government and commercial objectives.

    In the second part of this publication, referring to Strategic Anticipation, the magister Gonzalo Javier Rubio Pineiro states in the article entitled "Social Networks, Geopolitics, and Power" that cyberspace is presented as a virtual area practically free of restrictions, gaining relevance to both for leisure and for work, not to mention the increase in cybercrime. According to the author, the geopolitical relationship and social networks are framed in the need to exert influence and project the power of state actors of international weight, such as the United States, the PRC, and Russia.

    In the third part of this publication, referring to Strategic Art and Land Power, the magister Josias David Valle Guerrero exposes in the article entitled "The Conflict in Ukraine: Hybrid War and Conventional Military Intervention" that the war between Russia and Ukraine represents one of the most significant challenges to the Kremlin in its recent history. Likewise, he affirms that the analysis of this war must be approached not only from the military perspective but also from the perspective of communication strategy, where advertising and disinformation become useful tools for contemporary tactics.

    In the fourth part of this publication, referring to Strategic Leadership and Institutional Management, Colonel EP Paul Eduardo Vera Delzo points out in the article entitled "Strategic Leadership in the Army: Essential Roles and Competencies" that the development of leaders is a fundamental aspect for the future of any institution, even more so in the case of military institutions in the process of transformation, since the involvement of strategic leaders is a key element to achieve the planned objectives. To do this, according to the author, strategic leaders must not only know and understand the roles that they must legitimately assume, but also develop and optimize certain essential skills for their effective performance. Additionally, Colonel EP Edison Elber Aguilar Sánchez states in the article entitled "Organizational Culture and Leadership in the Army" that institutions must have a flexible organizational culture, which serves as a guide and allows all its members to adapt to a globalized world and constantly changing. According to the author, in a world in permanent transformation, organizational culture and leadership are important elements for the Army's development and its personnel's effective performance. Likewise, Colonel EP Lourdes Aurelia Barriga Abarca indicates in the article entitled "The Valuable Contribution of Women to the Peruvian Army" that throughout history, women have had a marked presence in the work of the different existing military organizations. in Peru, as well as in the military actions always taken. However, it is from the year 1996 that substantial changes take place to reinforce the significant role of Peruvian women in the military field.

    Finally, CEEEP hopes that these articles will be of interest and pleasure to readers, and encourage analysis, discussion, and the generation of ideas in aspects related to Security, Defense, and the Military Profession.

    Peruvian Army Center for Strategic Studies

  • April to June
    Vol. 3 No. 2 (2024)

    The Center for Strategic Studies of Peru (CEEEP) is pleased to present the eighth edition of the “Security and Land Power Magazine”, a space dedicated to the analysis, reflection and debate in key areas such as security, defense and the military profession. In this issue, national and international experts, with academic rigor and strategic vision, contribute valuable perspectives on topics ranging from the evaluation of defense policies to the analysis of international conflicts. The journal focuses on four lines of research: Strategic Assessment, Strategic Anticipation, Strategic Art and Land Power, and Strategic Leadership and Institutional Management.

    In the area of Strategic Assessment, the contribution of Robert Evan Ellis, a renowned U.S. academic and public policy analyst specializing in Latin America and the Caribbean, stands out.  In his article “Argentina: Security Challenges and the Government Response”, he outlines the challenges facing the country, including drug trafficking, terrorism and illegal fishing. He highlights the appointment of experienced ministers to rebuild the capabilities of the security forces and addresses the complex relationship between the security forces and the police forces, emphasizing the importance of international cooperation to combat transnational crime. Similarly, Clemente Rodríguez Urbina, Master in Political Science and Government specialized in International Relations, in “Insecurity is what States make of it: U.S. Securitization of China”, examines the deterioration of the relationship between both countries in the Asia-Pacific region. He analyzes the North’s perception of China’s actions as a threat to its security and questions the effectiveness of the U.S. strategy to address tensions with the Asian power.  Likewise, Mariano López de Miguel, historian and PhD in History from the University of Murcia, in “ISIS-K: A Reboot of Jihadist Terrorism?” explores the roots of jihadist terrorism in the Russian Federation, particularly in Chechnya. Assesses the threat posed by groups such as ISIS-K both inside and outside Russia, reviews Russia’s influence in Central Asian nations, and the possibility of a new “Fundamentalist International.”

    On the other hand, José Manuel Qwistgaard Suárez, retired Colonel of the Peruvian Army, in “ Alto Huallaga: A Success Story “, studies the success of government intervention in the fight against drugs in the Alto Huallaga region between 2003 and 2011. It highlights the significant reduction of coca hectares and the development of alternative projects, emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive approach that includes eradication, crop substitution and rural development. Additionally, Colonel of the Colombian National Army, Orlando Quiñones Marriaga, in “Transnational Consequences of the Colombia-FARC Peace Process”, analyzes the impact of the peace agreement in Colombia on the expansion of transnational crime in South America, with a focus on Ecuador. He examines the relationship between drug trafficking and terrorism, the security challenges in the Andean nation and proposes a comprehensive and regional response to combat transnational crime.

    Then, with regard to Strategic Anticipation, there is the contribution of Julio Hernan Santa Cruz Zavaleta, Lieutenant Colonel of the Peruvian Army. In “Social Networks Security: Navigating with Cyber Awareness and Solidarity”, he explores the influence of social networks in contemporary society, addressing the impact on critical thinking skills, citizen participation and mental health, raising questions about the responsible use of social networks for an inclusive and sustainable development.

    Finally, CEEEP hopes that this publication will be a valuable resource for academics, practitioners and leaders committed to research and building a safer and more prosperous future for society.

  • January to March
    Vol. 2 No. 1 (2023)

    The Peruvian Army Center for Strategic Studies (CEEEP) presents the third edition of its "Security and Land Power Magazine," which aims to address the analysis, discussion and generation of ideas in aspects related to Security, Defense and the Military Profession. This quarterly journal publishes research articles that are unpublished and original, and that focus on the four areas of study of CEEEP: (1) Strategic Evaluation, (2) Strategic Anticipation, (3) Strategic Art and Land Power, and (4) Strategic Leadership and Institutional Management. To ensure quality, articles are evaluated by external peers, under the double-blind system. In this sense, this edition compiles six articles by renowned national and international collaborators, as well as CEEEP researchers.

    In the first part of this publication, referring to Strategic Assessment, retired Peruvian Army Colonel Víctor Arturo Miranda Alfaro, in the article entitled "Climate Change: Intrinsic Relationship with Security and Defense," analyzes the participation of the Peruvian Armed Forces, particularly the Army, in the development and protection of the Amazon and the environment in order to strengthen the State capacity for the benefit of the most vulnerable. According to the author, the State's commitment to emergency prevention, strengthening social peace and development provides a solid basis for addressing – institutionally – climate impacts and exploiting synergies.

    In the second part of this publication, referring to Strategic Anticipation, the magister Francisco Clemente Rodríguez Urbina, in the article entitled "Weaponization of Interdependence in Chips between the United States and China," analyzes the challenges that the United States (USA) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) will face after the implementation of new sanctions by the US on the Chinese chip sector  in order to prevent the acquisition of technology necessary for the PRC to manufacture state-of-the-art chips.  According to the author, with these actions, Washington intends to freeze Chinese technological development at a certain level to maintain the advantage it possesses. However, such measures incentivize Beijing to develop an industry that is less dependent on the outside world and threaten to damage US relations with both the PRC and its allies. Additionally, Dr. Robert Evan Ellis, in the article entitled "The Strategic Role of Latin America in a Global Conflict over Taiwan," examines the role that Latin America could play as an object of Chinese military activities, in the context of a future struggle for Taiwan with the United States. and the allied Western powers. The author argues that the orientation of the PRC's leadership, its growing military power, Taiwan's diplomatic isolation and other factors make such a conflict increasingly possible.

    In the third part of this publication, referring to Strategic Leadership and Institutional Management, Peruvian Army Colonel Jaime Rodríguez Simón, in the article entitled "Importance of Resilience Development in Military Personnel," points out that in the Peruvian Army, as in other institutions, the term resilience is constantly mentioned, understood as the ability of each human being to recover from complex or dangerous situations, and move forward in search of positive results. In that sense, the author analyzes the concept of resilience, as well as the existing resilience development programs in the United States and United Kingdom Armed Forces, in order to understand their importance, scope and impact. Likewise, Peruvian Army Colonel Luis David Sánchez Velásquez, in the article entitled "Influence of the French and American Reforms on the Organizational Culture of the Peruvian Army,” analyzes the military missions that -in the twentieth century- generated two turning points in the Peruvian Army and whose thinking has transcended time, impregnating itself in the organizational culture of its officers. According to the author, the French reform generated an officer with rigidity and lack of flexibility, while the American reform generated a more analytical officer for decision-making. Additionally, Brazilian Army Colonel Leandro Mendes da Costa, in the article entitled "The Digital Transformation Applied in the Brazilian Army and in the National Territory," points out that digital transformation is an evident reality in the world. In this context, the author shows the results of technological implementations carried out by the Federal Government of Brazil and the Brazilian Army, related to digital transformation, which generated positive effects on public and private management.

    Finally, CEEEP hopes that these articles will be of interest and pleasure to readers, and encourage analysis, discussion and generation of ideas on aspects related to Security, Defense and the Military Profession.