ISSN: 2955-8018 (Print) ISSN: 2810-899X (Online) The Security and Land Power Journal, founded in 2022, publishes research articles - unpublished and original - related to Security, Defense, and the Military Profession, which are reviewed by external peers who have previously published similar research. Through the double-blind system, the evaluations are carried out anonymously and focus on the quality and validity of the arguments expressed in the articles. The journal has two sections: (1) Main Section (focused on the four areas of study of CEEEP or a central theme selected for an edition of the journal), and (2) Miscellaneous (focused on additional content -such as comments and book review- or on topics related to Security and Defense in case the Main Section has focused on a different topic). The periodicity of the Security and Land Power Journal is quarterly, being published - both in its physical format and in its digital version- during the first month of the corresponding period. In this sense, the first period of publication of the journal runs from January to March, the second from April to June, the third from July to September, and the fourth from October to December. If you wish to publish in the Security and Land Power Journal, review our calls, the editorial process, and the rules for authors.
Centro de Estudios Estratégicos del Ejército del Perú
Beyond Management: Strategic Thinking as a Ethic of Conduct in Military
Strategic thinking in defense institutions transcends administrative planning and constitutes an ethical responsibility of institutional leadership. A systemic analysis of organizational functioning reveals that the structural distortions affecting the state—such as decision-making fragmentation, the primacy of short-term considerations immediate situation, and the breakdown of coherence between ends and means—do not originate solely in technical or regulatory deficiencies, but rather stem from a progressive weakening of strategic reasoning understood as an effective leadership practice. In this context, this article examines how the so-called "culture of urgency," together with certain manifestations of state informality, reduces the Armed Forces capacity to project their actions over long-term time horizons, shifts leadership toward predominantly administrative functions, and turns professional dissent into a practice perceived as inconvenient within the organization. Rather than proposing immediate solutions, the study suggests reaffirming strategic thinking as a central analytical category, aimed at strengthening the institutional capacity to interpret strategic time and preventing day-to-day management from becoming the limit of organizational vision.
Copyright (c) 2026 Security and Land Power Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Special Forces and Their Role in Information Operations
This article examines the strategic and tactical role of Special Forces (SF) within the framework of Information Operations (IO). It analyzes how these highly trained units not only execute specialized operations but also shape the adversary's information environment. Through covert actions, intelligence activities, and narrative management, the SF help shape the adversary's perceptions and enhance the operational advantage. The analysis highlights the importance of integrating IO with military and political objectives, in accordance with ethical and legal principles. In contemporary scenarios, where information constitutes a decisive strategic resource, SF are establishing themselves as key actors in shaping the strategic environment and protecting national capabilities.
Implementation of Process-Based Management and Its Relationship with Service Quality in Major Service Units of the Peruvian Army
In Peru, the National Policy for the Modernization of Public Management (PNMGP) encourages state entities to provide efficient, effective, and citizen-oriented services through the adoption of a process management approach. Within this framework, the Peruvian Army, as a state institution, participates in this modernization process. However, the Major Service Units (GUS) maintain a traditional functional organizational structure that limits the efficiency and timeliness of their service delivery. Given this problem, the study aimed to determine the relationship between the implementation of process management and service quality in the GUS's of the Peruvian Army. The research adopted a quantitative approach with a correlational scope and cross-sectional design and used a semi-structured questionnaire for data collection, which was processed and analyzed using statistical software SPSS. The results show a direct, positive, and statistically significant relationship (ρ = 0.528; p < 0.05) between process management and service quality, confirming the hypothesis and reinforcing the methodological consistency of the study.
Military Philosophy and the Moral Power of the Army as Pillars of Institutional Reengineering
The institutional reengineering of the Peruvian Army (EP) is not limited to technological modernization or the incorporation of new operational capabilities; it requires, above all, a cultural and doctrinal transformation that places military identity, military philosophy, and moral power at the center as the structural pillars of change. In this context, this article aims to analyze the foundations that underpin institutional identity and demonstrate that these constitute the basis upon which a modern, cohesive, and effective Army must be built. To this end, a qualitative methodology with a hermeneutic approach is adopted, grounded in the critical analysis of doctrinal, historical, and philosophical sources, complemented by specialized literature on military cohesion and organizational culture. Based on this analytical framework, it is argued that institutional strength does not lie exclusively in material resources, but in the balanced articulation between tradition and modernity, leadership and mystique, discipline and moral conviction. Consequently, institutional reengineering must be conceived as a comprehensive process aimed at preserving the historical essence of the EP, strengthening values such as self-sacrifice, cohesion, and leadership, and coherently articulating doctrine, organizational culture, and collective morale within a single strategic horizon. Only in this way will it be possible to consolidate a legitimate, effective institution fully committed to the defense of sovereignty, peace, and national unity.
Operations Chavín de Huántar and Cerco: Milestones of Military's Victory against Terrorism
This article analyzes the strategic significance of neutralizing the military capabilities of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) and the Communist Party of Peru–Shining Path (PCP-SL), an event that consolidated the Peruvian state's military victory over terrorism and brought an end to the armed phase on a national scale. It is argued that, although the terrorist phenomenon was defeated militarily, the conflict did not end but gave way to a phase of unconventional confrontation, characterized by political, ideological, legal, cultural, and narrative disputes driven by ideological remnants and affiliated networks. The research adopts a qualitative strategic-analytical approach, grounded in the historical study of Operations "Chavín de Huántar" (1997) and "Cerco" (1999), as well as in the strategic-doctrinal analysis of the subsequent period, complemented by the authors' operational experience. The results confirm that the defeat of terrorism was decisive on the military front, as it dismantled its political-military leadership and irreversibly degraded its capacity for strategic action. However, the analysis shows that the absence of a comprehensive post-conflict strategy facilitated the ideological reorganization of radicalism, its convergence with illicit economies, and the emergence of hybrid threats. It is concluded that military victory must be consolidated through a comprehensive state response aimed at strengthening institutions, historical memory, and national security.
Bilateral Military Planning Model for Security Cooperation between Peru and the United States
Through a documentary analysis of existing agreements and applicable national and international regulatory frameworks, complemented by a specialized review of security cooperation, this study examines the complementarity of three instruments: the 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade (1st SFAB), the West Virginia National Guard (NGWV), and U.S. Army Special Forces (SF). The findings demonstrate that the historical fragmentation of cooperation efforts has constrained the consolidation of sustainable institutional capabilities. In response to this limitation, the study proposes a planning model that integrates the DOTMLPF-P framework with warfighting functions through five operational phases, thereby configuring a planning scheme applicable to the Peruvian Army's (EP) Plan de Transformación Institucional (PTI) (Institutional Transformation Plan) through 2034. Finally, the study argues that military cooperation must be aligned with national strategic priorities in order to prevent operational dependencies and strengthen the institutionalization of force development processes.
Citizenship in Peru as a Public Issue and Multisectoral National Policy: Impact on National Security and Defense
This research article employs an analytical-propositional methodology to examine the exercise of citizenship in Peru as a public issue. The study identifies that limitations in civic practice negatively impact democratic governance, security, national defense, and social development. The concept is analyzed from philosophical and political perspectives, in which citizenship is understood as the full exercise of rights and the responsible fulfillment of duties grounded in social awareness. Based on empirical evidence, such as institutional distrust and educational gaps, the research formulates the problem in accordance with the methodology of the National Center for Strategic Planning (CEPLAN) and proposes the design of a Política Nacional Multisectoral (PNM) (Multisectoral National Policy) with a time horizon to 2035. The analysis concludes that strengthening civic capacities contributes to optimizing resource management in the field of security and to enhancing democratic performance. Additionally, the role of the Armed Forces (FF.AA.) is highlighted in the formation of civic values and principles that strengthen institutional resilience and promote sustainable state development.
Corío and the Geopolitical Chessboard of the South Pacific in Scenarios of Systemic Competition and Strategic Sovereignty
This article analyzes the Corío project as a geopolitical asset and critical infrastructure capable of redefining Peru's position in the South Pacific and strengthening its integration into global value chains. In this context, the objective is to examine, from a qualitative strategic perspective, the scenarios related to its financing, construction, and eventual operation, assessing their implications for the state's strategic autonomy, economic competitiveness, and the country's comprehensive security. Furthermore, it is argued that Corío transcends its port dimension and serves as an instrument for Peru's geopolitical integration into an international landscape characterized by systemic competition among powers, the securitization of logistics chains, and growing geoeconomic volatility. From this perspective, the study examines three prospective scenarios: (i) U.S. financing, conceived as a potential logistical counterweight to China's projection from Chancay; (ii) Chinese financing that would integrate the infrastructure into the Maritime Silk Road; and (iii) a diversified multipolar framework aimed at preserving strategic autonomy through balanced governance and the participation of the national business community. Methodologically, the research adopts a hermeneutic-prospective approach, grounded in the critical review of verifiable documentary sources and the analytical construction of scenarios. Consequently, the findings indicate that Corío's future will depend on the formulation of a comprehensive national strategy capable of articulating strategic infrastructure, economic diplomacy, legal security, logistical resilience, and territorial cohesion, as well as establishing institutional safeguards from the project's pre-operational phase.
Analysis of the Armed Forces' Participation in Peru's Sustainable Development
This article examines the participation of the Peruvian Armed Forces in the promotion of sustainable development from a multidimensional perspective. Through a documentary analysis, it studies the institutional contributions in the economic, social, environmental and political dimensions, within the framework of national security and defense. It is argued that the Armed Forces, in addition to their traditional role in the defense of sovereignty, have the capacity to actively intervene in development processes through multisectoral actions that strengthen governance, national resilience and territorial cohesion. In this context, the normative, institutional and operational mechanisms that allow them to articulate their actions with the strategic objectives of the State are identified. The study concludes that, with adequate planning and inter-institutional coordination, the Armed Forces can play a key role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially in vulnerable and hard-to-reach areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Security and Land Power Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Three Years of War in Ukraine and the Changing Character of Warfare
This article examines the transformations that the war in Ukraine has introduced into the character of contemporary armed conflict, especially since the massive use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), the development of emerging technologies, the decentralization of tactical leadership, and the need to mobilize the population as part of a whole-nation strategy. It also analyzes the impact of these innovations on military doctrine, command and NCO training, strategic logistics and preparedness for large-scale combat scenarios. Through a comparative and descriptive perspective, key lessons for institutional adaptation in the face of a constantly changing operational environment are identified.
21st Century Geopolitics and Peru in the New World Order
This article examines the contemporary meaning of geopolitics in the context of world reordering and Peru's position in the new power scenarios. Through an interpretative and strategic qualitative methodology, it analyzes specialized sources and comparative regional doctrines, with the aim of understanding the factors that influence the articulation of national power. The purpose is to contribute to the formulation of a national strategy that will allow Peru to face the challenges of the international environment with autonomy and long-term vision. It highlights the urgency of a modern geopolitical doctrine that integrates security, defense, development, education, productive infrastructure and strategic leadership. It also addresses transnational threats, regional dynamics in Latin America and the influence of global powers on the international system. The research proposes to reposition Peru as a geostrategic node in South America, combining logistical development, institutional strengthening, professionalization of the Armed Forces and an educational policy aligned with national interests. This analysis offers guidelines to build a prospective national geopolitical vision, multisectoral and coherent with the permanent interests of the State in a complex and competitive global environment.
Informality, Corruption and Impunity as Structural Threats to Peru's National Security
This study analyzes how informality, corruption and impunity, deeply rooted in Peru's political and social culture, constitute structural threats that undermine national security, weaken democratic institutions and put the country's development at risk. Through a qualitative approach and the critical analysis of specialized literature, official sources and journalistic reports, we identify the systemic interconnections between these three corrosive forces and their cross-cutting impact on the economy, governance, citizen cohesion and the national security and defense system. It is argued that these dynamics favor the expansion of illegal economies, weaken the citizen's link with the State and erode democratic sustainability. The main objective is to contribute to the formulation of multisectoral reforms that restore and strengthen the constitutional order, promote a culture of legality and consolidate a national project based on shared civic values and inalienable principles. It also highlights the role of the Armed Forces (Armed Forces) as institutions that shape values, discipline and national cohesion in the face of a society affected by state fragmentation and the weakening of civic commitment.
Mining, National Security and Governance: Strategic Threats and Risks in the Southern Peruvian Mining Corridor
This article analyzes the threats and risks faced by Peru due to the expansion of illegal mining in the Southern Mining Corridor, evaluating its impact on national security, internal order and democratic governance. Its objective is to identify, evaluate and propose comprehensive alternatives to this complex phenomenon, which intertwines criminal economics, ideological radicalism, regulatory gaps and territorial capture by criminal organizations. The purpose is to contribute to the design of a National Mining Security Strategy aimed at protecting the strategic interests of the State and promoting sustainable, legal and sovereign development. The methodology used combines the review of official documents, specialized studies, journalistic reports and experiences in areas of high conflict, where recurrent patterns of institutional capture and collapse of the rule of law are evident. Based on this analysis, viable proposals are presented from an articulated approach to security, legality and national development.
The Role of Global Powers in the Palestinian-Israeli Armed Conflict
The decisions adopted by international actors have had a determining influence on the configuration and persistence of various armed conflicts. In this context, this article analyzes the role played by the main global powers in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, with emphasis on their geostrategic, economic and diplomatic interests. The study employs a systematic literature review, based on official sources and specialized literature. The findings show that the United States (US), Russia and China have implemented policies aimed at defending their own interests, which, far from contributing to a peaceful solution, have intensified and prolonged the confrontation. This dynamic highlights the dissonance between the diplomatic discourse of the powers and their actions on the ground, which hinders the achievement of a lasting peace in the Middle East region.
Exo-criminality of risk: An emerging challenge to the security of states and democratic stability
This study examines the emergence of Exo-Criminality of Risk (ECR) as a criminal variant that differs from traditional organized crime by originating from external factors, such as migratory dynamics, social crises and other exogenous pressures, rather than from strategic planning by a criminal leadership. The research highlights that the ECR is characterized by a remarkable adaptability and operational flexibility, allowing its rapid integration into diverse local criminal ecosystems and modifying conventional patterns of criminal affiliation. Based on rigorous fieldwork, ethnographic analysis and academic review, the paper identifies two models of criminal expansion: strategic Transnational Organized Crime (TOC) and ECR, the latter driven by external social and opportunity factors. It also emphasizes the need to adapt state responses through police and judicial strategies and internationally coordinated public policies to effectively counter the threat posed by this emerging phenomenon.
Towards the conquest of space: Challenges and perspectives of the Argentine Aerospace Police
The article analyzes Argentine aerospace policy, examining its evolution and challenges in the context of the growing relevance of outer space. It reviews the international regulatory framework, highlighting the 1967 Space Treaty, and explores the implications of competition between space powers such as the United States (US) and China. The study makes a historical review of Argentine aerospace policies, from the allocation of orbital positions to the creation of Empresa Argentina de Soluciones Satelitales S.A. (ARSAT), highlighting the importance of technological autonomy and international cooperation for the development of the sector. It is argued that aerospace activity represents a crucial instrument to strengthen the country’s defense, national security and power projection. Keywords: Argentine aerospace policy, outer space, sovereignty, ARSAT, CONAE, Argentine Aerospace Agency (CONAE)
Generative Artificial Intelligence: A Prospective Analysis of its Implications for Security and Defense
Humanity is currently experiencing the so-called Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), which represents a profound break with the past. While previous revolutions were manifested in intellectual, economic, technological and, in some cases, political and social fields, this new stage is distinguished by the accelerated, exponential and convergent deployment of disruptive technologies. The first 25 years of the 21st century have seen what Fareed Zakaria calls “the age of revolutions,” characterized by profound transformations in politics, culture, identity and geopolitics, driven by a digital environment that has duplicated the advances of the past 250 years. It is essential to understand the physical and psychological effects of these changes, which generate both positive and negative consequences for society. Among the most relevant innovations are generative artificial intelligence (GAI) and quantum computing, which constitute, on the one hand, an existential challenge and, on the other, an opportunity for progress in various fields of knowledge. In particular, AGI stands as a key element in the military and strategic domain, transforming decision making and conflict management, while introducing unprecedented risks in terms of cybersecurity, disinformation and the arms race. The lack of balance between technological progress and human oversight could seriously affect global stability. Finally, this article analyzes AGI from a prospective perspective, assessing the threats, challenges and opportunities it poses in the field of security and defense, both in the present and in the near future.
Generative artificial intelligence (GAI)
Geopolitical Prospects in Syria After the Fall of Bashar al-Assad
The collapse of the Bashar al-Assad regime in December 2024 marked a turning point in Syria’s geopolitical landscape. The fall of the Baathist government generated a power vacuum that led to a strategic reconfiguration of the country, with national and international actors vying for influence. This article analyzes the military and political dynamics following Assad’s departure, with an emphasis on territorial fragmentation, the activity of insurgent groups such as Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham and the Tiger Forces, as well as the role of powers such as Russia, the United States (US), Iran and Turkey. In addition, it examines the political, military and economic challenges of the transitional government, the impact of Assad’s exile in Moscow and the possibility of Syria being divided into zones of control under different spheres of influence. From this context, possible future scenarios and their implications for regional and global stability are assessed.
La Rinconada: Zone of Threats and Challenges to National Security
This article comprehensively analyzes the threats to national security in La Rinconada, Puno, focusing on organized crime, informal and illegal mining, environmental contamination and the public health crisis. In this region, various criminal organizations operate, dedicated to gold trafficking, smuggling and transnational crime, consolidating criminal structures with access to weapons and illicit financing. Their territorial control, based on violence and corruption, not only weakens state authority, but also exploits mine workers and monopolizes the illegal trade in inputs. Moreover, its actions sustain a parallel clandestine economy that finances illicit activities at the national and international levels. In this context, the objective is to understand how the lack of state intervention and the interests of certain groups have allowed this region to become a nucleus of illicit activities that compromise the stability and development of the country. In order to address this problem, it is essential to make the political class, institutions and society as a whole aware of the urgency of generating and implementing a comprehensive national security strategy. This should be capable of dismantling criminal networks and eliminating the links of certain actors with illegal mining, which would allow for a sustainable economic, social and environmental recovery. The methodology employed is based on a qualitative research analysis of phenomenological character that includes visits and interviews in the area, as well as the review of socioeconomic and environmental studies with national and international sources. This leads to the main conclusion that, without comprehensive and sustained state intervention, La Rinconada will consolidate as a stronghold of Transnational Organized Crime (TOC), with direct repercussions on national security and governance of the country. Consequently, to avoid this scenario, it is imperative to articulate a strategy that combines security measures, mining formalization and socioeconomic development, ensuring the effective presence of the State and the eradication of the criminal structures that currently dominate the region.
The Armed Forces in the control of internal order and in support of the Peruvian National Police for its reestablishment
The increase of social conflict in Peru has prompted political decisions on the possible participation of the Armed Forces (Armed Forces), particularly the Peruvian Army (EP), in complex scenarios. It should be noted that there is a legal framework, Legislative Decree Nº 1095, which regulates such intervention through the declaration of a State of Emergency. However, regulatory gaps are identified related to the nature of the support to the National Police of Peru (PNP) and the specific tasks performed during the Emergency Regime contemplated in Article 137 of the Political Constitution of Peru (CPP). In this context, a theoretical review of the intervention of the Armed Forces in the control and reestablishment of internal order is carried out, based on a legal and conceptual analysis of current regulations. Likewise, key differences are established between Critical National Assets (CNA), strategic facilities, essential resources and Essential Public Services (SSPPEE), with the aim of proposing alternatives for a more effective participation in scenarios that could be recurrent. The proposal seeks to guarantee inter-institutional coordination between the Armed Forces, the PNP and other entities, optimizing military capabilities such as logistics, protection and technical support to face exceptional situations.
Ideological Radicalization, Organized Crime and National Security: The Intervention of the Armed Forces
This article analyzes the impact of ideological radicalization and its convergence with Transnational Organized Crime (TOC) on national security in Peru. Through a descriptive and analytical methodology, it examines the areas most affected by these phenomena, assessing how radical groups and organized crime affect governance and compromise state control over key territories. It concludes that this convergence increases threats to internal security, requiring strategic intervention by the state. Although internal security is primarily a police task, the intervention of the Armed Forces (Armed Forces) is essential in situations where the magnitude of the threat exceeds police capabilities. Finally, the need for a comprehensive strategy that combines security efforts with socioeconomic development to mitigate the effects of radicalization, as well as to guarantee and strengthen the country’s long-term stability, especially in the most vulnerable regions, is highlighted.
Copyright (c) 2024 Security and Land Power Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evolution of Peruvian National Security and Defense in Interaction with the United States
The objective is to analyze the incidence of the relationship between Peru and the United States (U.S.) in National Security and Defense. Peruvian policies in these areas are discussed with the U.S. The methodology used comes from the social sciences, adopting a long-term perspective. It is argued that, in order to develop national interests and objectives, managers and members of the political community must consider the geopolitics of international relations, as well as make an adequate assessment of the presence of hegemonic states and the decision margins that countries with less strategic weight can develop. From an academic perspective, it is important to contribute to timely decision-making through research and exposure to public opinion.
Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Defense
As the digital dimension is becoming more deeply integrated into society, it is also becoming more integrated into military operations, as the advance of various threats and vulnerabilities in cyberspace is identified, which, if not managed, can compromise a country’s critical assets. Given this scenario, the adoption of emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), is presented as a strategic element for national security from the field of cyber defense. This article explores the impact and potential of AI in cyber defense, highlighting its crucial role in protecting digital assets and strengthening military capabilities in an increasingly digitized world. It examines how AI enables task automation and improves cyber threat response, as well as its application in areas such as pattern recognition, decision making and logistics. However, for developing countries to take full advantage of these technologies, it is essential to take a holistic approach that combines the acquisition of advanced tools with appropriate training and experimentation.
Internal Order: Defining the Support of the Armed Forces to the National Police
After a brief description of the concepts of internal order, public order and citizen security, a distinction was made as to their scope, limits, principles and responsible entities. To this end, an exhaustive comparative analysis was made of Legislative Decree 1095, which “establishes rules for the employment and use of force by the Armed Forces in the National Territory, and Legislative Decree 1086, which “regulates the use of force by the National Police of Peru”. The importance of their compliance in the different risk scenarios by both institutions was determined, describing the gradualness and intensity of the use of force in the face of threats in the management of internal order. In this context, gaps and opportunities for improvement were identified with respect to the definition of the support provided by the Armed Forces to the Peruvian National Police (PNP) in the aforementioned management. Finally, recommendations are proposed that include the use of military capabilities to support the process of police operations, revision of regulations, capacity building, among others.
The Peruvian Space Sector in the New Space Disruption: What are the Opportunities and Challenges for Peruvians in the New Space Age?
The dynamics of New Space offer unprecedented opportunities for countries such as Peru, which have limited economic resources and little experience in the space field. Therefore, it is imperative to establish clear objectives in the framework of a short-, medium- and long-term space policy, in order to maximize the benefits of New Space and face its challenges. In this context, these, on the one hand, will guide efforts in different domains, such as space governance, capacity building, knowledge and space industry. On the other hand, they will guide the initial investment needed to give the country visibility in this sector. It is essential that this investment be aligned with the established objectives, as it will be the starting point for Peru’s growth. Likewise, the development of the Peruvian space sector represents a great opportunity for progress in the scientific, technological and economic fields. The implementation of a strategic roadmap, based on five essential pillars, will provide a precise framework for achieving these ambitious goals.
Clausewitz’s War Triad: An Evolving Model for Conflict Analysis
In his book On War, Clausewitz reflects on what has been called the triad, trilogy or trinity of war. The Prussian presents a broader dimension of confrontation than the specifically military and links three elements: reason, will and passion, materialized in politics, the armed forces (the army) and the citizenry. Thus, it establishes a model, a sort of methodology (which is what we intend to rescue) to analyze conflicts. In this sense, to the extent that there is a convergence between the elements (factors) mentioned, it is easier to achieve success, since the absence of fissures or porosity between them reduces risks and vulnerabilities. On the other hand, by placing each of these three elements at one of the vertices of a triangle, they can be related to each other, which makes it possible to analyze the degree of cohesion and its possible reflection in subsequent political-military action, or even in the national deterrence capacity. Finally, from the second half of the 20th century, the emergence first of the United Nations (UN) and later of other international organizations, some dedicated to security and defense, generated a new space in which it was necessary to encompass the “war triad” (of a state nature) in the new international concert. This brought about a change in the methodology of conflict analysis that is still as valuable today as it was when it was first presented, but in a broader, supra-state and globalized context.
The Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization as a Tool for Combating Transnational Organized Crime from an Environmental Perspective
This article analyzes transnational illicit activities in the Amazon, a space where diverse criminal networks thrive. As a research proposal, it is verified, through descriptive (how) and causal (why) inferences, to what extent the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO) can become an effective tool to combat them, replacing the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), which before the suspension of its activities was the appropriate forum for this purpose. To achieve this, research is developed based on the understanding of Richard Haass (2017), who argues that we live in an integrated and interdependent world or, in other words, in a World Order 2.0. In this context, overlapping threats from outside and inside a region or country require coordinated responses to protect the interests of those who, to some extent, are affected by the resulting externalities, as is the case of the Amazon region.
Challenges of Military Intelligence in the Fight Against Terrorism in the Apurimac, Ene and Mantaro River Valleys (VRAEM)
The research examines the challenges faced by military intelligence in combating the terrorist organization operating in the Apurimac, Ene and Mantaro river valleys (VRAEM). First, it describes the evolution of this organization over the last 30 years. Subsequently, a detailed evaluation of the transformation and development of military intelligence in this region is carried out. Furthermore, an exhaustive diagnosis and identification of key variables is carried out by means of the MICMAC Method (Multiplied Cross Impacts Matrix for Classification). In addition, the problems inherent to the military field intelligence system are addressed by providing information to the Commander of the VRAEM Special Command for strategic decision making. This work is crucial for the execution of military operations and actions aimed at combating the terrorist threat, which is aggravated by the presence of other challenges such as Illicit Drug Trafficking (ITD) in the area. The importance of overcoming these challenges to guarantee security and stability in the region is highlighted. In order to face this problem, a qualitative approach was used through an interpretative hermeneutic method, documentary analysis, as well as the contributions and experience of those who have been part of the military intelligence system in the VRAEM. Among the most significant conclusions, we highlight the need for a more dynamic intelligence model such as the one proposed, called “military intelligence with a convergent approach”, which will allow the adoption of effective strategies for the production of valuable and operationally useful information.
Artificial Intelligence and Disinformation: Role in 21st Century Conflicts
Recent conflicts around the world demonstrate that technology is fundamental for the development of war campaigns. The use of state-of-the-art technology is not limited exclusively to traditional International Humanitarian Law (IHL) actors, but is also employed by non-state actors, who challenge the effectiveness of the international legal framework, open the way for illegitimate and illegal actions, and expand the gray zone between peace and war. In this confusing and increasingly dangerous environment, information and disinformation have been used as strategic weapons. These include tactics of deception, means of destabilization, generators of chaos and social division, mechanisms of evasion of responsibility and sanctions, and instruments for the creation of tailor-made realities (post-truth). Therefore, the objective of this paper is to understand the military use of a disruptive technology such as artificial intelligence (AI) and to identify the potential of disinformation and information as strategic tools.
Spain: Deterrent Military Loss to Morocco
Morocco’s latest arms acquisitions turn the possibility of risk into a real threat of attack on the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla. The recent supply of Javelin missiles by the United States (US) to Morocco reduces the deterrent capability of the Spanish Leopard tanks positioned in both cities. In addition to the supply of Javelin missiles, the U.S. has established several factories in the country, giving Morocco some autonomy to resupply the weaponry used. The continuous procurement of short, medium and long range surface-to-air, air-to-ground, air-to-air, anti-tank and anti-ship missiles, together with advanced 3-D radar-based air defense systems, makes the African country one of the best armed on the continent, second only to Algeria.